Stroke & TIA

A stroke occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to die. Ischaemic strokes (about 85% of cases) are caused by blocked blood vessels, often from clots or atherosclerosis. Haemorrhagic strokes occur when blood vessels rupture and bleed into the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and high cholesterol.

A TIA (transient ischaemic attack) or 'mini-stroke' causes stroke-like symptoms that resolve within 24 hours. Despite symptoms resolving, a TIA is a medical emergency and strong warning sign—up to 1 in 5 people who have a TIA will have a stroke within 90 days. Urgent assessment and treatment can reduce stroke risk by up to 80%. Never ignore TIA symptoms.

Face: Has their face dropped on one side?
Arms: Can they raise both arms and keep them there?
Speech: Is their speech slurred or muddled?
Time: Time to call 000 immediately.

Other symptoms include sudden severe headache, vision problems, confusion, and difficulty walking. Every minute matters—call 000 immediately if you suspect a stroke.

Key stroke prevention strategies include controlling blood pressure (the most important factor), managing diabetes, taking prescribed medications (blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs), not smoking, limiting alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and managing atrial fibrillation. Regular follow-up with your GP and neurologist helps optimise your prevention plan.

Common medications include antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel) or anticoagulants (warfarin, newer blood thinners) to prevent clots, statins to lower cholesterol, and blood pressure medications. The specific medications depend on your stroke type, cause, and risk factors. Never stop these medications without consulting your doctor, as this significantly increases stroke risk.

Stroke recovery varies greatly depending on the stroke's location and severity. Most recovery occurs in the first few months, but improvement can continue for years. Rehabilitation may include physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. Our neurologists work with rehabilitation teams to optimise your recovery and prevent future strokes through ongoing risk management.